How Disputed Elections Have Changed American Democracy
2020-11-10
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1President Donald Trump is not the first candidate to dispute the results of a U.S. presidential election.
2The United States has had several highly contested elections in the past.
3Here are a few of them.
4The disputed presidential election of 2000 led to changes to voting systems in many states across the country.
5Republican George W. Bush and Democrat Al Gore were the two main candidates.
6The dispute over votes centered on a few counties in the state of Florida.
7After legal action by both sides, the result was decided by the U.S. Supreme Court on December 12, 2000.
8Gore lost the election although his supporters note that he won the popular vote.
9The United States elects presidents through a system called the Electoral College.
10That system gives each state a certain number of votes.
11A candidate needs at least 270 electoral votes to gain the presidency.
12Robert Speel is a professor of political science at Penn State University in Erie, Pennsylvania.
13He said that in 2000 much of the United States used a punch card ballot system using mechanical voting machines.
14Speel said: "...Unknown to most Americans, every year thousands of ballots were getting thrown out because that punch card system was malfunctioning and also was confusing voters."
15"Election officials knew that and hadn't told anyone and it didn't become public until that election," he said.
16Speel went on to say that the election of 2000 led to more modern voting systems being used in the United States.
17That led to the end of the punch card in the United States and Americans now use more modern voting systems."
18Alexander Cohen is an assistant professor of political science at Clarkson University in Potsdam, New York.
19He said, "Al Gore had an opportunity to question the legitimacy of some of those votes."
20However, Cohen argued that Gore "...chose not to because it would be damaging to democracy to keep fighting."
21The 1960 presidential election between Democrat John F. Kennedy and Republican Richard Nixon also was notable for accusations of cheating.
22Republicans suspected that Chicago Mayor Richard Daley provided just enough votes to give Kennedy the state of Illinois and the presidency.
23There also were questions about voting numbers in several other states.
24After considering it, Nixon decided not to seek court action.
25"There's some evidence to suggest again that Nixon didn't want to make things that divisive," said Cohen.
26Some historians say that the 1876 contested election between Republican Rutherford B. Hayes and Democrat Samuel Tilden had long-term bad results.
27They say the deal to settle the election resulted in discriminatory laws in the American South that hurt Black Americans.
28That year, both parties claimed they had won a majority in the Electoral College.
29The election was decided by the U.S. House of Representatives, as the U.S. Constitution provides.
30The Democratic Party was the majority party in the South during the Civil War, which ended in 1865.
31Democratic lawmakers eventually conceded to Republican lawmakers in exchange for a withdrawal of Union forces from the South.
32Hayes was then elected president.
33But, historians say the Union forces were also protecting the civil rights of the former slaves.
34In the years that followed, they say, discriminatory laws that separated the races were put in place in the South.
35Penn State University's Speel said: "Very quickly the political leaders who had been leading in the South before the American Civil War and who had supported slavery, again rose to the top and began dominating politics again in the South."
36He said that led to the loss of almost all political and social rights for African Americans.
37Cohen blames Congress for permitting this to happen.
38"How do you quantify the loss of lives, and the pain...that came from that decision?" said Cohen.
39The election of 1888 was marked by accusations of buying votes or bribing voters.
40Democrat incumbent Grover Cleveland faced Republican Benjamin Harrison in that election.
41In those days, ballots were given out by the political parties.
42Some votes were taken publicly. Some people, known as floaters, sold their votes to whoever would pay the most.
43A letter sent by the Republican National Committee told party workers to divide voters into groups of five.
44They were told to pay them to vote for the Republican candidate.
45The resulting situation led to the end of public ballots.
46"That particular election, in which there were widespread accusations of corruption, led to the adoption of the secret ballot nationwide where Americans now vote privately without people knowing how they vote," Speel said.
47Cohen looks to the failure of democracies in Latin America and Africa when considering the effects of questioning the integrity of voting.
48Cohen said people have to believe that the political system is fair and that their votes matter for democracy to succeed.
49Cohen went on to say that: "...Once you take the position that our votes don't count because there are so many other fraudulent votes out there, you're inspiring people to revolt because you're...arguing that democracy isn't working."
50Cohen said that, so far in the 2020 election, he does not see that any lasting damage has been done to American democracy.
51"We still have rule of law. We still follow the rule of law and ... so far the [Trump] campaign is following the rule of law," he said.
52"They're asking specific things from judges, and the states seem to be behaving as well."
53I'm Mario Ritter, Jr.
1President Donald Trump is not the first candidate to dispute the results of a U.S. presidential election. The United States has had several highly contested elections in the past. Here are a few of them. 2Voting machines 3The disputed presidential election of 2000 led to changes to voting systems in many states across the country. Republican George W. Bush and Democrat Al Gore were the two main candidates. 4The dispute over votes centered on a few counties in the state of Florida. After legal action by both sides, the result was decided by the U.S. Supreme Court on December 12, 2000. Gore lost the election although his supporters note that he won the popular vote. 5The United States elects presidents through a system called the Electoral College. That system gives each state a certain number of votes. A candidate needs at least 270 electoral votes to gain the presidency. 6Robert Speel is a professor of political science at Penn State University in Erie, Pennsylvania. He said that in 2000 much of the United States used a punch card ballot system using mechanical voting machines. 7Speel said: "...Unknown to most Americans, every year thousands of ballots were getting thrown out because that punch card system was malfunctioning and also was confusing voters." 8"Election officials knew that and hadn't told anyone and it didn't become public until that election," he said. Speel went on to say that the election of 2000 led to more modern voting systems being used in the United States. That led to the end of the punch card in the United States and Americans now use more modern voting systems." 9Alexander Cohen is an assistant professor of political science at Clarkson University in Potsdam, New York. He said, "Al Gore had an opportunity to question the legitimacy of some of those votes." 10However, Cohen argued that Gore "...chose not to because it would be damaging to democracy to keep fighting." 11The election of 1960 12The 1960 presidential election between Democrat John F. Kennedy and Republican Richard Nixon also was notable for accusations of cheating. Republicans suspected that Chicago Mayor Richard Daley provided just enough votes to give Kennedy the state of Illinois and the presidency. There also were questions about voting numbers in several other states. After considering it, Nixon decided not to seek court action. 13"There's some evidence to suggest again that Nixon didn't want to make things that divisive," said Cohen. 14The election of 1876 15Some historians say that the 1876 contested election between Republican Rutherford B. Hayes and Democrat Samuel Tilden had long-term bad results. They say the deal to settle the election resulted in discriminatory laws in the American South that hurt Black Americans. 16That year, both parties claimed they had won a majority in the Electoral College. The election was decided by the U.S. House of Representatives, as the U.S. Constitution provides. 17The Democratic Party was the majority party in the South during the Civil War, which ended in 1865. Democratic lawmakers eventually conceded to Republican lawmakers in exchange for a withdrawal of Union forces from the South. Hayes was then elected president. But, historians say the Union forces were also protecting the civil rights of the former slaves. In the years that followed, they say, discriminatory laws that separated the races were put in place in the South. 18Penn State University's Speel said: "Very quickly the political leaders who had been leading in the South before the American Civil War and who had supported slavery, again rose to the top and began dominating politics again in the South." 19He said that led to the loss of almost all political and social rights for African Americans. 20Cohen blames Congress for permitting this to happen. "How do you quantify the loss of lives, and the pain...that came from that decision?" said Cohen. 21Secret ballots 22The election of 1888 was marked by accusations of buying votes or bribing voters. Democrat incumbent Grover Cleveland faced Republican Benjamin Harrison in that election. 23In those days, ballots were given out by the political parties. Some votes were taken publicly. Some people, known as floaters, sold their votes to whoever would pay the most. 24A letter sent by the Republican National Committee told party workers to divide voters into groups of five. They were told to pay them to vote for the Republican candidate. The resulting situation led to the end of public ballots. 25"That particular election, in which there were widespread accusations of corruption, led to the adoption of the secret ballot nationwide where Americans now vote privately without people knowing how they vote," Speel said. 26The process of voting in the country 27Cohen looks to the failure of democracies in Latin America and Africa when considering the effects of questioning the integrity of voting. 28Cohen said people have to believe that the political system is fair and that their votes matter for democracy to succeed. 29Cohen went on to say that: "...Once you take the position that our votes don't count because there are so many other fraudulent votes out there, you're inspiring people to revolt because you're...arguing that democracy isn't working." 30Cohen said that, so far in the 2020 election, he does not see that any lasting damage has been done to American democracy. 31"We still have rule of law. We still follow the rule of law and ... so far the [Trump] campaign is following the rule of law," he said. "They're asking specific things from judges, and the states seem to be behaving as well." 32I'm Mario Ritter, Jr. 33Dora Mekaouar reported this story for VOANEWS. Mario Ritter Jr. adapted it for VOA Learning English. Ashley Thompson was the editor. 34_________________________________________________________________ 35Words in This Story 36punch card - n. a card with holes that has been punched in different positions to represent information, once used widely as a way to capture voting information 37malfunctioning -v. to fail to work properly 38confuse - v. to be unsure or unable to understand something 39legitimacy -n. permitted according to law or rules 40concede -v. to admit defeat 41adoption -n. to begin to officially accept or approve something 42fraudulent -adj. done to trick someone or many people to get something valuable 43inspire - v. to cause something to happen or to cause people to want to do something 44integrity - n. the quality of being honest and fair 45specific -n. clearly and exactly presented or stated 46We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments section, and visit our Facebook page.